包囊游仆虫皮层和营养核的超微结构研究

为研究纤毛虫在不同生理条件下结构的分化及其调节机理,本文应用透射电镜术显示,营养期包囊游仆虫背、腹面皮层表膜下含３种方式排列组成的纵微管层以及深部微管;口区皮层内含高电子密度的杆状小体;口围带小腹基部含电子致密带和小腹托架,棘毛基体基部及基体下微管束形成围棘纤维篮;背纤毛基体下方也含微管结构;大核染色质附着在核膜上,核膜其他区域有规则排列的核孔。     

Reconstruction of cranial and hyobranchial muscles in the triassic temnospondyl Gerrothorax provides evidence for akinetic suction feeding

The cranial and hyobranchial muscles of the Triassic temnospondyl Gerrothorax have been reconstructed based on direct evidence (spatial limitations, ossified muscle insertion sites on skull, mandible, and hyobranchium) and on phylogenetic reasoning (with extant basal actinopterygians and caudates as bracketing taxa). The skeletal and soft‐anatomical data allow the reconstruction of the feeding strike of this bottom‐dwelling, aquatic temnospondyl. The orientation of the muscle scars on the postglenoid area of the mandible indicates that the depressor mandibulae was indeed used for lowering the mandible and not to raise the skull as supposed previously and implies that the skull including the mandible must have been lifted off the ground during prey capture. It can thus be assumed that Gerrothorax raised the head toward the prey with the jaws still closed. Analogous to the bracketing taxa, subsequent mouth opening was caused by action of the strong epaxial muscles (further elevation of the head) and the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis (lowering of the mandible). During mouth opening, the action of the rectus cervicis muscle also rotated the hyobranchial apparatus ventrally and caudally, thus expanding the buccal cavity and causing the inflow of water with the prey through the mouth opening. The strongly developed depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, and the well ossified, large quadrate‐articular joint suggest that this action occurred rapidly and that powerful suction was generated. Also, the jaw adductors were well developed and enabled a rapid mouth closure. In contrast to extant caudate larvae and most extant actinopterygians (teleosts), no cranial kinesis was possible in the Gerrothorax skull, and therefore suction feeding was not as elaborate as in these extant forms. This reconstruction may guide future studies of feeding in extinct aquatic tetrapods with ossified hyobranchial apparatus. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

In this article, we develop a new reconstruction of the pelvic and hindlimb muscles of the large theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Our new reconstruction relies primarily on direct examination of both extant and fossil turtles, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs. These observations are placed into a phylogenetic context and data from extant taxa are used to constrain inferences concerning the soft-tissue structures in T. rex. Using this extant phylogenetic bracket, we are able to offer well-supported inferences concerning most of the hindlimb musculature in this taxon. We also refrain from making any inferences for certain muscles where the resulting optimizations are ambiguous. This reconstruction differs from several previous attempts and we evaluate these discrepancies. In addition to providing a new and more detailed understanding of the hindlimb morphology of T. rex--the largest known terrestrial biped--this reconstruction also helps to clarify the sequence of character-state change along the line to extant birds.     

Reconstructing pectoral appendicular muscle anatomy in fossil fish and tetrapods over the fins‐to‐limbs transition

The question of how tetrapod limbs evolved from fins is one of the great puzzles of evolutionary biology. While palaeontologists, developmental biologists, and geneticists have made great strides in explaining the origin and early evolution of limb skeletal structures, that of the muscles remains largely unknown. The main reason is the lack of consensus about appendicular muscle homology between the closest living relatives of early tetrapods: lobe‐finned fish and crown tetrapods. In the light of a recent study of these homologies, we re‐examined osteological correlates of muscle attachment in the pectoral girdle, humerus, radius, and ulna of early tetrapods and their close relatives. Twenty‐nine extinct and six extant sarcopterygians were included in a meta‐analysis using information from the literature and from original specimens, when possible. We analysed these osteological correlates using parsimony‐based character optimization in order to reconstruct muscle anatomy in ancestral lobe‐finned fish, tetrapodomorph fish, stem tetrapods, and crown tetrapods. Our synthesis revealed that many tetrapod shoulder muscles probably were already present in tetrapodomorph fish, while most of the more‐distal appendicular muscles either arose later from largely undifferentiated dorsal and ventral muscle masses or did not leave clear correlates of attachment in these taxa. Based on this review and meta‐analysis, we postulate a stepwise sequence of specific appendicular muscle acquisitions, splits, and fusions that led from the ancestral sarcopterygian pectoral fin to the ancestral tetrapod forelimb. This sequence largely agrees with previous hypotheses based on palaeontological and comparative work, but it is much more comprehensive in terms of both muscles and taxa. Combined with existing information about the skeletal system, our new synthesis helps to illuminate the genetic, developmental, morphological, functional, and ecological changes that were key components of the fins‐to‐limbs transition.     

球囊子宫支架预防宫腔粘连术后再粘连的疗效及对子宫出血的影响

目的:研究球囊子宫支架预防宫腔粘连术后再粘连的疗效及对子宫出血的影响。方法:选取2013年10月到2014年10月我院收治的宫腔粘连患者70例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组35例,对照组给予宫腔镜电切术、宫内节育器放置术以及人工周期治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上给予球囊子宫支架放置术,比较两组临床疗效、宫腔再粘连、术后出血量、月经恢复以及并发症。结果:研究组总有效率91.4%,显著高于对照组的77.1%(P0.05);术后1个月和2个月研究组总粘连率显著低于对照组(P0.05);研究组术后总出血量显著少于对照组(P0.05);研究组并发症总发生率显著低于对照组,月经恢复率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:球囊子宫支架应用于宫腔粘连术具有较好的临床疗效,能显著降低宫腔再粘连,减少子宫出血量及并发症。     

牙周组织再生术联合无托槽隐形矫治对牙周炎患者龈沟液炎症因子的影响

目的探讨牙周组织再生术(PTR)联合无托槽隐形矫治对牙周炎患者龈沟液炎症因子的影响,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。方法选取2017年3月至2019年3月我院收治的120例牙周炎患者为研究对象,依据随机数字表分为再隐组和再直组,每组60例。再隐组患者给予PTR联合无托槽隐形矫治,再直组患者给予PTR联合直丝弓矫治。比较两组患者龈沟液炎症因子[白介素6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平、牙周健康状况[牙周探诊深度(PD)、牙龈指数(GI)、龈沟出血指数(SBI)、牙菌斑指数(PLI)、临床附着丧失(CAL)]、治疗疗效和并发症情况。结果再隐组和再直组患者治疗后龈沟液IL-6、CRP、TNF-α水平及PD、GI、SBI、PLI、CAL明显低于治疗前,再隐组患者治疗后龈沟液IL-6、CRP、TNF-α水平及PD、GI、SBI、PLI、CAL明显低于再直组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。再隐组患者治疗有效率为95.00%,明显高于再直组的80.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.171,P=0.013)。再隐组患者并发症发生率为5.00%,明显低于再直组的16.67%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.227,P=0.040)。结论 PTR联合无托槽隐形矫治可有效改善牙周炎患者龈沟液炎症因子水平及牙周健康状况,有利于提高疗效和减少并发症,值得临床推广。     

Structure of insect communities inhabiting old‐growth forest specialist bracket fungi

1. This paper describes the structure of the insect communities inhabiting two old‐growth forest specialist bracket fungi, Amylocystis lapponica and Fomitopsis rosea. To study the consequences of old‐growth forest fragmentation on community structure, non‐fragmented and fragmented forest areas in eastern and southern Finland were compared. 2. Both fungal species are inhabited by more than 50 insect species. The most abundant species in the A. lapponica community is a melandryid beetle Hallomenus sp., and in the F. rosea community a tineid moth Agnathosia mendicella. The occurrence of several nationally or globally rare species underscores the importance of specific insect microhabitats, such as the specialist fungi A. lapponica and F. rosea, for the persistence of specialised insects in old‐growth forests. 3. The species composition in both fungal species differs greatly from each other. The food webs are characterised by one numerically dominant host‐specific primary fungivore, which implies that fungivorous species inhabiting bracket fungi may be more specialised on a particular host than is generally thought. 4. The community structure was the same in the highly fragmented and in the non‐fragmented study areas, probably because fragmentation has occurred relatively recently.     

无托槽隐形矫治器与固定矫治器对牙周病正畸治疗患者龈下菌群、龈沟液炎症因子和氧化应激的影响

摘要 目的：对比固定矫治器与无托槽隐形矫治器对牙周病正畸治疗患者龈沟液炎症因子、龈下菌群和氧化应激的影响。方法：选取2016年1月～2021年10月于河北省眼科医院口腔正畸科接受正畸治疗的112例牙周病患者,根据矫治器的不同分为对照组（固定矫治器,n=54）和实验组（无托槽隐形矫治器,n=58）。对比两组牙周健康指标、龈下菌群、龈沟液炎症因子、氧化应激指标和疼痛评分的变化情况。结果：两组矫治10个月后牙龈指数、菌斑指数、龈沟出血指数、牙周探诊深度下降,且实验组低于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组矫治10个月后牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Pg）、具核梭杆菌（Fn）、福塞斯坦氏菌（Tf）和中间型普里沃菌（Pi）含量低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组矫治10个月后肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）下降,且实验组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组矫治10个月后丙二醛（MDA）、活性氧（ROS）水平下降,且实验组低于对照组;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）升高,且实验组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组矫治1 d、7 d后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）评分升高后下降,且实验组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：无托槽隐形矫治器与固定矫治器对牙周病正畸治疗患者均有较好的疗效,其中无托槽隐形矫治器在改善牙周健康指标、龈下菌群、龈沟液炎症因子和氧化应激等方面的效果较为显著。     

骨组织工程研究进展

本文主要介绍了骨组织工程学的概念以及研究内容,综述了骨组织工程的研究现状和发展方向。     

肠镜下置入支架治疗左半结肠癌性梗阻的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨肠镜下置入支架治疗左半结肠癌性梗阻的应用价值。方法:对我院54例左半结肠癌性梗阻的患者行肠镜下支架置入术,恢复肠道通畅性。结果:24例患者永久性植入结肠内支架以姑息的治疗,30例患者暂时植入结肠支架,并行肠道准备,择期外科手术。术后患者无死亡,无相关并发症的发生,均痊愈出院。结论:肠镜下置入支架在治疗左半结肠癌性梗阻中有临床应用价值,既可作为姑息疗法,也可作为术前准备的一部分。